EVOLUTION OF THE STRUCTURE OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN DAGESTAN IN THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY, SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET PERIODS

Abstract

The article considers one of the components of material culture - settlements. The processes that took place with the rural settlements of Dagestan in the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet times are studied. The emergence and development of settlements were conditioned by ecology and economic and cultural type (area). While choosing a place for settlement, a number of factors were taken into account: the availability of land suitable for 114 cultivation and grazing, as well as good sources of drinking water. The changes in the forms, types and structure of rural settlements were influenced by the socio-political and socio-economic processes taking place in the country and the world - globalization, modernization, urbanization, migration processes, the development of various areas of infrastructure. In the XIX - early XX century the Dagestanis had three types of settlement: 1) early feudal, rural-communal, independent ("free"); 2) feudal-patriarchal, rural-communal, feudal-semi-dependent; 3) feudal, khan (bek) dependent. The predominant types of planning (form of settlement) of mountain villages were heap, stepped, and horizontal. The main type of settlement of the Dagestanis was a village with farms and settlements. During the Soviet era, significant changes took place in the types and forms of settlements. The type of settlement was defined as “Soviet village”. The construction of new quarters of the villages took place in a planned manner and systematically. The form of the settlement was combined. The type and form of settlements characteristic to the Soviet era, in principle, remained after the collapse of the USSR. The type of settlement of this time can be called "post-Soviet village", which in some of its features repeats the structure of the "Soviet village". The transformation and modernization processes that took place in the post-Soviet period were reflected in a significant increase in the size of settlements, especially those in which regional centers are located.